Points of Interest: Birkenhead Mill Water Wheel
The Hagley collection and grounds boast a number of items whose significance lies in the stories they tell about the history of American business. One of the biggest (literally) and most significant of these features is the Birkenhead Mill, a 13,000-pound, 16-foot wooden water wheel that not only played a pivotal role in making gunpowder at the du Pont gunpowder works, but also represents an important piece of the history of energy in early industrial America.
The History of Hydropower
As a technology, hydropower is much older than most people probably realize, and dates back to the Han Dynasty of China (202 BC-9 AD). And hydropower is by no means obsolete—even today, it remains an important source of renewable energy.
Water wheels were instrumental in shaping the economy of the United States. Not only was it an inexpensive source of energy, but it significantly expanded production capacity in many industries because it freed up workers to do other things. Water mills were used in cotton and textile production, grain mills, lumber mills, and more. Eventually, hydropower energy would be used as an important source of electricity.
Come Visit Hagley's Birkenhead Mill!
The Birkenhead Mill water wheel is an exceptionally special part of the Hagley collection. The wheel's shaft is connected to gears that once operated the mill's machinery. It's estimated that the wheel was able to generate 40 horsepower or more.
The Brandywine, which is fast-flowing and contains a high level of sediment, can be hard on water wheels, especially wooden ones. In the 200-plus years since it was originally installed, the wheel has been replaced a number of times; however, Hagley conservationists have taken care to ensure that reconstructed models are true to the original. After being out of commission for a year while undergoing reconstruction, as of spring 2021, the water wheel is back in action, providing visitors with a fascinating glimpse into the workings of the gunpowder mill.
The mission of Hagley Museum and Library is to foster innovation and inspiration through our historical collections. Located on the site of E.I. du Pont's gunpowder works, Hagley's offerings include a library dedicated to the study of American business and technology, a unique patent model collection, and the restored historical mill and workers' community, as well as the home and gardens of the du Pont family. Hagley also hosts a variety of events intended to educate and engage the wider community. Plan your visit today, or consider donating to support our work!